You have come to your city: Mexico, here you have come to sit on your place, on your throne. Their life was pretty much based around human sacrifices and religion. Daniel, Douglas A. [9] The Alvarado massacre at the Main Temple of Tenochtitlan precipitated rebellion by the population of the city. ", This page was last edited on 27 November 2020, at 17:25. A whole generation of Spaniards later participated in expeditions in the Caribbean and Tierra Firme (Central America), learning strategy and tactics of successful enterprises. Spain spent enormous amounts of this wealth hiring mercenaries to fight the Protestant Reformation and to halt the Turkish invasions of Europe. The Spanish, Tlaxcalans and reinforcements returned a year later on 13 August 1521 to a civilization that had been weakened by famine and smallpox. The Aztecs pursued and harassed the Spanish, who, guided by their Tlaxcalan allies, moved around Lake Zumpango towards a sanctuary in Tlaxcala. The first Europeans that came into contact with the Aztecs were the Spanish in 1519. [71], To the Aztecs, Tenochtitlan was the "altar" for the Empire, as well as being the city that Quetzalcoatl would eventually return to. Men who brought horses, caballeros, received two shares of the spoils, one for military service, another because of the horse. Much later, Spanish conqueror Bernal Díaz del Castillo, a well-seasoned participant in the conquest of Central Mexico, wrote what he called The True History of the Conquest of New Spain, countering the account by Cortés's official biographer, Francisco López de Gómara. In the 16th century, perhaps 240,000 Spaniards entered American ports. Tlaxcalteca sue for peace after many days of battling. The Spanish conquered the Aztec, Inca, and Maya civilization. [43]:218 On the same day that the Spanish expedition and their allies entered Tenochtitlan, Moctezuma came to visit Cortés and his men. These include in an episode of Engineering an Empire as well as in the BBC series Heroes and Villains, with Cortés being portrayed by Brian McCardie. Conquistador: Hernan Cortes, King Montezuma, and the Last Stand of the Aztecs. She is often known as La Malinche and also sometimes called "Malintzin" or Malinalli, her native birth names. The fall of Tenochtitlan marks the beginning of Spanish rule in central Mexico, and they established their capital of Mexico City on the ruins of Tenochtitlan. [38] Not surprisingly, many publications and republications of sixteenth-century accounts of the conquest of Mexico appeared around 1992, the 500th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's first voyage, when scholarly and popular interest in first encounters surged. In this way, Velázquez sought to ensure title to the riches and laborers discovered. After Cortés permitted the defeated soldiers to settle in the country, they "passed with more or less willingness to Cortés' side." [43]:192 Cempoalans reported that fortifications were being constructed around the city and the Tlaxcalans were warning the Spaniards. The bulk of the Spanish infantry, left behind by Cortés and the other horsemen, had to cut their way through the masses of Aztec warriors opposing them. From 1518-1521, Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes and his army brought down the mighty Aztec Empire, the greatest the New World had ever seen. Although modern usage often calls the European participants "soldiers", the term was never used by these men themselves in any context, something that James Lockhart realized when analyzing sixteenth-century legal records from conquest-era Peru.[57]. In an agreement signed on 23 October 1518, Governor Velázquez restricted the expedition led by Cortés to exploration and trade, so that conquest and settlement of the mainland might occur under his own command, once he had received the permission necessary to do so which he had already requested from the Crown. Bernard Grunberg, "La folle aventure d'Hernan Cortés", in L'Histoire n°322, July–August 2007: states that Cortes arrived in Mexico with 15 cannons, Townsend, Camilla. They had great incentive to claim they did, owing to the laws of Spain at this time, but critical analysis of their personal writings suggest Motecuhzoma was not taken captive until a much later date. The indigenous people of Central Mexico had practices rendering labor and tribute products to their polity's elites and those elites to the Mexica overlords in Tenochtitlan, so the Spanish system of encomienda was built on pre-existing patterns of labor service. Cortez' forces were badly defeated once. [43]:193 Finally, La Malinche informed Cortés, after talking to the wife of one of the lords of Cholula, that the locals planned to murder the Spanish in their sleep. The Mayans at Cape Catoche invited the Spanish to land, and the conquistadors read the Requirement of 1513 to them, which offered the natives the protection of the King of Spain, if they would submit to him. [32], On the indigenous side, the allies of Cortés, particularly the Tlaxcalans, wrote extensively about their services to the Spanish Crown in the conquest, arguing for special privileges for themselves. [59] Bernal Díaz del Castillo wrote in his account The True History of the Conquest of New Spain that Marina was "truly a great princess." The other discovery that perpetuated this system of indigenous forced labor were the extensive silver mines discovered at Potosi, in Higher Peru (now Bolivia) and other places in the Spanish empire in the New World that were worked for hundreds of years by forced native labor and contributed most of the wealth that flowed to Spain. Cortés landed in Yucatán with around 630 men (most armed with only a sword and shield). Particularly important were the 1571 Spanish-Nahuatl dictionary compiled by the Franciscan Fray Alonso de Molina,[91] and his 1569 bilingual Nahuatl-Spanish confessional manual for priests. With all of his ships scuttled, Cortés effectively stranded the expedition in central Mexico. Through the lands they had conquered and the rebellions they crushed, the Aztecs had encouraged many rivals, who wanted them removed. This name is the closest approximation possible in Nahuatl to the sound of Spanish Marina. See: Restall, Matthew. It is likely that a 1585 revision of Bernardino de Sahagún's account of the conquest survives today only in the form of a copy because it was made in Spain for Prescott's project from a now-lost original. The main reasons for the Spanish conquest was superior weaponry and tactics, gaining allies and introduction of European disease. Conquest: Cortes, Montezuma, and the Fall of Old Mexico. They returned with samples of gold and Cortés' interest in the Tarascan state was awakened. The legally constituted "town council of Villa Rica" then promptly offered him the position of adelantado, or Chief Justice and Captain-General. Archived from the original on 2012-10-08. These two accounts are full-blown narratives from the viewpoint of the Spanish opponents. Two years later, in 1519, Cortés and his retinue set sail for Mexico. [54] Cortés also contrived to have his men name him military leader and chief magistrate (judge) of the expedition. [82] Tangáxuan submitted to the Spanish administration, but for his cooperation was allowed a large degree of autonomy. [49] Because the Spaniards arrived in 1519, Moctezuma knew this was the year of Ce Acatl, which is the year Quetzalcoatl was promised to return. The famous conquistador Pedro de Alvarado, coming to the aid of acting governor Cristóbal de Oñate, led an attack on Nochistlán. The Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire is the subject of an opera, La Conquista (2005) and of a set of six symphonic poems, La Nueva España (1992–99) by Italian composer Lorenzo Ferrero.

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