He presented the so-called geocentric theory, which stated that the earth was the center of … All subsequent pharaohs of Egypt until Egypt became a Roman province in 30 BC, ending the Macedonian family's rule, were also Ptolemies. Later, many scientists hurled accusations against Ptolemy’s methods and writings. [17][19][20] He was often known in later Arabic sources as "the Upper Egyptian",[21] suggesting he may have had origins in southern Egypt. Ptolemy was concerned to defend astrology by defining its limits, compiling astronomical data that he believed was reliable and dismissing practices (such as considering the numerological significance of names) that he believed to be without sound basis. It contains the earliest surviving table of refraction from air to water, for which the values (with the exception of the 60° angle of incidence), although historically praised as experimentally derived, appear to have been obtained from an arithmetic progression. Ancient Greek scientist. Ptolemy's Handy Tables provided the model for later astronomical tables or zījes. The maps in surviving manuscripts of Ptolemy's Geography, however, only date from about 1300, after the text was rediscovered by Maximus Planudes. A collection of one hundred aphorisms about astrology called the Centiloquium, ascribed to Ptolemy, was widely reproduced and commented on by Arabic, Latin and Hebrew scholars, and often bound together in medieval manuscripts after the Tetrabiblos as a kind of summation. [36] His astrological treatise, a work in four parts, is known by the Greek term Tetrabiblos, or the Latin equivalent Quadripartitum: "Four Books". Of course, it was essential in such cases for the Egyptians to become "Hellenized", to adopt Greek habits and the Greek language. Alexandria, the Ptolemaic capital, became a major trade, artisan, and cultural center for the Mediterranean region. Maps based on scientific principles had been made since the time of Eratosthenes, in the 3rd century BC, but Ptolemy improved map projections. This was one of the early statements of size-distance invariance as a cause of perceptual size and shape constancy, a view supported by the Stoics. Ptolemy’s Geography, in eight books, was also very well known. It is, of course, impossible to answer this question definitively. Ptolemy's astrological outlook was quite practical: he thought that astrology was like medicine, that is conjectural, because of the many variable factors to be taken into account: the race, country, and upbringing of a person affects an individual's personality as much as, if not more than, the positions of the Sun, Moon, and planets at the precise moment of their birth, so Ptolemy saw astrology as something to be used in life but in no way relied on entirely. Hist. The political importance of the Egyptian priesthood increased under his reign. 2000. [11], The 9th century Persian astronomer Abu Maʻshar presents Ptolemy as a member of Egypt's royal lineage, stating that the descendants of the Alexandrine general and Pharaoh Ptolemy I Soter, were wise "and included Ptolemy the Wise, who composed the book of the Almagest". Although slave labor did not play a significant role in production, slaveholding relations and various forms of noneconomic coercion permeated the entire social life of the Ptolemaic state as well. "[12] Not much positive evidence is known on the subject of Ptolemy's ancestry, apart from what can be drawn from the details of his name (see above), although modern scholars have concluded that Abu Maʻshar's account is erroneous. Ptolemy was an astronomer and mathematician. [13] It is no longer doubted that the astronomer who wrote the Almagest also wrote the Tetrabiblos as its astrological counterpart. Claudius Ptolemy wrote the Almagest, the work that defined astronomy for over 1,000 years. that really cool but can you please say the name of the planets. Ptolemy has been referred to as "a pro-astrological authority of the highest magnitude". He agreed (Geography 1.4) that longitude was best determined by simultaneous observation of lunar eclipses, yet he was so out of touch with the scientists of his day that he knew of no such data more recent than 500 years before (Arbela eclipse). It was translated into Arabic and then Latin, and made accessible to many people. But research in papyri dating from the early centuries of the common era demonstrates that a significant amount of intermarriage took place between the Greek and Egyptian communities ... And it is known that Greek marriage contracts increasingly came to resemble Egyptian ones. Ptolemy XII Philopator Neos Dionysus ruled from 80 to 51 B.C. The royal lands and workshops, the extensive system of taxes and liturgies, the sale of concessions in various trades, and the commercial monopolies brought the royal treasury large revenues in kind and in money, which were used to maintain the sumptuous royal court, the army and navy, and the huge apparatus of government officials, as well as to subsidize the priesthood and temples. : I Maccabees, 16:16], A flexible foundation for the specification, simulation, and [26] The Almagest was preserved, like most of extant Classical Greek science, in Arabic manuscripts (hence its familiar name). Ptolemy’s other works are of less interest. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2006. Ptolemy XI Alexander II was placed on the throne by Rome in 80 B.C. Nobbe, C. F. A., ed. [6], Ptolemaeus (Πτολεμαῖος Ptolemaîos) is an ancient Greek personal name. A polymath of enormous repute with influences across the sciences, Ptolemy is identified varyingly as an astronomer, a mathematician, a geographer and cartographer. Although he discovered the irregularity in the moon's motion, known as evection, and made original observations regarding the motions of the planets, his place in the history of science is that of … Biographical information on Ptolemy is scanty. Size and shape were determined by the visual angle subtended at the eye combined with perceived distance and orientation. [27] Ptolemy's model, like those of his predecessors, was geocentric and was almost universally accepted until the appearance of simpler heliocentric models during the scientific revolution. Much of the content of the Tetrabiblos was collected from earlier sources; Ptolemy's achievement was to order his material in a systematic way, showing how the subject could, in his view, be rationalized. It was of exceptional practical importance for navigation and the determination of geographic coordinates. The 14th century astronomer Theodore Meliteniotes gave his birthplace as the prominent Greek city Ptolemais Hermiou (Πτολεμαΐς ‘Ερμείου) in the Thebaid (Θηβᾱΐς). Abu Maʻshar recorded a belief that a different member of this royal line "composed the book on astrology and attributed it to Ptolemy". When switching from 700 stadia per degree to 500, he (or Marinos) expanded longitude differences between cities accordingly (a point first realized by P. Gosselin in 1790), resulting in serious over-stretching of the Earth's east-west scale in degrees, though not distance. [39] It was first translated from Arabic into Latin by Plato of Tivoli (Tiburtinus) in 1138, while he was in Spain. It is highly probable that these were the same stadion, since Ptolemy switched from the former scale to the latter between the Syntaxis and the Geography, and severely readjusted longitude degrees accordingly.

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